Top 10 Advantages of Mobile Phones

1. They are convenient-It’s great being able to call a friend when you are out and about – without being tied to a land line.

2. They can be life savers-Taking a mobile phone with you when you go hiking is a basic safety precaution. If you lose your way or get stuck in bad weather, your mobile phone could just save your life.

3. Staying connected-There is no need to feel lonely when you have a mobile phone in your pocket: just connect with friends via text, FaceTime, voice calls or social media.

4. Fun and games-These days, mobile phones are loaded with all kinds of fun games. We all remember Nokia Snake, but more recently people have got way more into challenging their brains with Sudoko or whiling away the time during a long commute with a game of Candy Crush Saga.

5. Your mobile keeps you informed-Whether you are searching for that Spanish word you read in the newspaper or reading some articles on a topic close to your heart, mobiles that are connected to the internet are a treasure trove of information.

6. Getting snap happy-Sophisticated cameras mean that you can take professional quality photos on your humble cell phone.

7. Knowing where you are-GPS technology enables you to pinpoint yourself on a map no matter how lost you are. Just fire up your phone to see your position and create a route to your destination.

8. A handy torch-Turn on the flashlight function on your mobile to find your keys in your purse as you step off the bus, or to locate the candles when there’s a blackout in your house.

9. A recording device=Record the dawn chorus or your friends singing you happy birthday – all on your mobile phone.

10. A fashion statement

Top 10 Disadvantages of Mobile Phones:

1. Distraction

It’s so hard to work when your phone is tempting you to pick it up.

2. Interruption

You’re trying to have a romantic date and yet are plagued by incessant calls and texts.

3. Cost

That contract costs, WHAT, now?

4. Dependency

It is easier than you might think to become addicted to your mobile phone, and so dependent on it that you forget to communicate in real life.

5. Isolation

It’s ironic, but some people feel that the cellphone (which is designed to keep people connected) can actually drive us further apart. Have you ever seen a group of friends at a restaurant, looking down at their phones instead of each other? That.

6. Security issues

If someone taps in to your data they could steal your identity, pilfer your photos, and erase your contacts list.

7. The temptation to call your ex late at night

No explanation needed here

8. Eyesight issues

Hunching over your phone screen for hours in the dark can strain your eyes.

9. RSI

Tapping constantly at your phone can lead to repetitive strain injury (RSI) in your fingers.

10. Nostalgia

Some of us are just nostalgic for a good old chat on the landline.

1) It rehydrates your dehydrated body

When you wake up after a long sleep, your body is naturally dehydrated. No matter how much water you drank the day before, you have used up your stores and it’s time to refill the tank.

The first thing drinking water after waking up will do is provide your cells with much needed, life giving water.

Compare this to the norm; drinking a 16 oz. cup of coffee, which will further dehydrate your already thirsty body.

Partaking in this immediate rehydration will have major noticeable benefits including:

– Feeling more refreshed

– Having more natural energy throughout the morning

– Being healthier & happier

2) Flushes out toxins

After nourishing your cells, drinking water after waking up will flush unwanted toxins out of your body.

While you sleep your body repairs itself, replenishes energy and balances hormones. The result is toxins and other waste materials being released and waiting to be flushed out.

After clearing your body of these toxins,  you will feel great and be able to absorb more nutrients from a well-balanced breakfast.

This also leads to clear skin and better overall well being.

3) Fires up your metabolism

Drinking water is a crucial tactic when it comes to weight loss. But drinking water after waking up is the most optimal way to do it.

Think of drinking water after waking up as an alarm clock for your metabolism. This morning water kick starts your metabolism & has been proven to increase your calorie burning potential throughout the day.

Not only that, but water actually fills you up & curbs your appetite, allowing you to make smarter choices for your breakfast.

These smart choices tend to roll over to smarter choices throughout the day. If you know anything about healthy eating, then you know that this momentum is so powerful. There’s no better way to start that momentum than with a tall glass of delicious water.

4) Fuels your brain

Here’s a fun fact; your brain is 75% water.

If you’ve been drinking enough of it, you will know that without water your brain is not going to function at its optimal level.

A morning glass of water will leave you feeling sharp and clear throughout the day, giving you an edge over all the dehydrated zombies you’ll encounter.

5) Keeps you regular & relieves constipation

The main cause of constipation is dehydration.

Drinking water when you wake up will not only cure dehydration but it will help relieve constipation, help to keep you regular and promote a morning bowel movement. This is a great way to start the day.

6) Prevents and cures disease

As stated above, in Japan it is believed that drinking water this way can cure even the harshest diseases over time. I am not a scientist, or a doctor, but what I do know is that doing this will certainly help cure disease and can certainly help prevent them, even if the effects are subtle.

Something that is so healthy and good for you, if not performing miracles, is going to have a positive impact on your health.

One of my biggest beliefs is to control what you can, and don’t worry about the rest. Something like drinking a glass of water when you wake up is certainly under your control, so why not do it.

7) Its completely refreshing

Last, but certainly not least, the 7^th reason you should partake in the practice of drinking water after waking up is because of how good and refreshed it will make you feel. There really is nothing more refreshing than waking up, dry mouthed, and enjoying life’s purest substance.




MAMTA SHARMA 
SU160394

Benefits of Morning Walk

1. It’s a Great Way to Start the Day.

Everyone who walks in the morning will tell you that it is a great way to start the day. Whether you are going to your office or doing some chores at home, waking up early and starting your day with a morning walk will surely energize you and get you in the mood to start the day. So, next time, instead of jumping out of the bed and hurrying off to work, start the day early with an easy morning walk.

2. It Freshens Up Your Mind

This is actually one of the best benefits of morning walk. Whether you had a good night’s sleep or not, waking up for a morning walk is guaranteed to help you start the day with a fresh mind. The morning sun and cool air will boost your mood and prevent stress from setting in before all the worries of the day begin.

3. It Counts as Physical Exercise

If you don’t have the time to go to the gym, a morning walk will give you the chance to do some exercise. It can also be a form of a warm-up exercise before you start your routines. With this, you don’t need special equipment or club memberships and you can adjust your time and pace according to your needs.

As physical exercise, morning walks can help you burn calories, strengthen your bones and muscles, and keep you in shape. It can help promote physical well-being and prevent disease, which are usually related to a sedentary lifestyle. Many experts recommend regular walking to promote good circulation and to prevent heart disease.

4. It Helps Beat Stress

The mental and emotional benefits of morning walk include reducing stress by increasing your body’s production of “feel good” hormones. To achieve this, try to walk briskly, until you feel sweaty. Physical exertion helps release brain chemicals that help reduce anxiety – an effect that is better than all the pills other people might take.

5. You Get Some Time to Plan Your Day

The best time to plan your day is when your mind is clear and you feel good physically. You can do this while taking your morning walk. It helps you think clearly during the day. It gives you time to be alone with your thoughts before all the chaos of the day begin.

So instead of rushing to work with no clear sense of direction on how to conduct the affairs of the day, take a few minutes to walk in the morning and lay out in your mind which tasks you must prioritize. You will be surprised how well your activities may go on smoothly with a little planning in the morning.

6. It Prevents Mental Deterioration

Studies suggest that one long-term benefit of walking regularly in the morning is that it helps prevent mental deterioration as you age. Dementia is common in the elderly, but studies show that regular exercise, such as walking reduces your risk of the disease and helps preserve your brain function as you age.

7. It Helps You Socialize

You do not have to walk alone all the time. Sometimes, walking is more fun and energizing if you do it with a friend, a family member, or a group of people. This can help you keep up the habit of getting regular exercise and can give you the chance to socialize before starting a long day at work.

8. It Gives You Energy All the Day

Early morning walks can help improve your circulation and give you energy to begin a long day. Most people who wake up late and go straight to work feel lethargic during the day and very tired towards the end of the day. But those who walk regularly in the morning usually feel energized all day because of the boost in circulation and good hormones that keep the body fit.

9. It Improves Your Appetite

It gives you a good appetite for the most important meal of the day – breakfast. While most people would wake up late and hurry off to work without a good breakfast, you must try to eat a healthy breakfast after a morning walk. The combination of physical exercise and a healthy breakfast will help you maintain proper weight because it will help keep you full longer before lunch.

10. It Helps You Stay Positive

What can make you positive, but a great morning walk followed by a healthy breakfast? The benefits of morning walk make you think positive during the day. Even if you meet some trials at work, starting your day in a positive way can help you manage these challenges and prevent overwhelming stress. Whether you are walking alone and enjoying the fresh air and scenery or walking with a group of friends, you are bound to forget any feelings of loneliness or anxiety when the “feel good” hormones kick in.

11. It Helps You Lose Weight

One of the important benefits of regular exercise is weight loss. If you want your morning walk to help you burn calories, try walking as briskly as you can. You burn more calories by increasing your speed, so challenge yourself by walking faster than a stroll. You will not only burn calories but reduce your blood cholesterol and blood sugar levels, which can help prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and stroke. However, you must also remember to eat a balanced diet and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

12. It Helps You Sleep Soundly

Finally, one of the important benefits of morning walk is that it helps you get a good night’s sleep. Yes, it helps you start the day right and end it right as well. Walking exercises the body while relaxing the mind. With a properly functioning circulatory system, strong muscles and positive attitude, it is easy to see why you will undoubtedly get a good quality sleep every night

Benefits of Meditation

Various studies have confirmed that meditation may help in reducing high blood pressure.

Meditation is also useful in combating irritable bowel syndrome (an intestinal disorder that causes pain, gases, constipation or diarrhea).

Studies also suggest that meditation helps in reducing ulcerative colitis.

Meditation also helps in limiting depression and reduces anxiety.

Meditation helps in reducing the craving for smoking as it reduces activity in the part of the brain responsible for craving.

Meditation is found to be helpful in aiding in sleep in people suffering from insomnia.

Breathing meditation techniques have been found to help in reducing asthmatic attacks in persons with Bronchial Asthma.

Apart from the above, Meditation also helps in:
Increasing one’s self-awareness
Aiding in stress management
Reducing various negative emotions
Being more focused and systematic

While meditation in general is highly beneficial to the body and the mind, however, it must not be substituted with any treatment etc. that have been prescribed by the healthcare provider
BY MAMTA SHARMA

MOBILE APPS
A mobile app is a software application designed to run on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Most such devices are sold with several apps bundled as pre-installed software, such as a web browser, email client, calendar, mapping program, and an app for buying music or other media or more apps. Some pre-installed apps can be removed by an ordinary uninstall process, thus leaving more storage space for desired ones. Where the software does not allow this, some devices can be rooted to eliminate the undesired apps.
Native mobile apps often stand in contrast to desktop applications that run on desktop computers, and with web applications which run in mobile web browsers rather than directly on the mobile device.

A DAY WITHOUT MY PHONE

MY PHONE IS MY SECOND LOVER
MY PHONES WAKES ME UP
EVERY MORNING STARTS WITH A BEUTIFUL DAY
ITS THE LAST THING I SEE AND THE FIRST WHN I WAKE UP
BUT JUST WITHOUT IT WOULD MAKE MY LIFE DIFICUILT
THIER WON'T BE A SNAP SHOT PICYURE AT A PERFECT TIME
NO EASY COMMUNICATION
MY WAY WOULD BE IN DARK
BY SONIKA SANDESH REVANKAR
SU160179

HEATHLY FRUITS

All fruits offer health benefits, but the following 25 stand out as nutrient-dense powerhouses with the most disease-fighting potential. (Note: Only the best sources of each vitamin, mineral and antioxidant are listed in the "nutritional value" section.)

Apple 
• Nutritional value (1 medium): 75 calories, 3 g fibre
• Disease-fighting factor: Apples contain antioxidants called flavonoids, which may help lower the chance of developing diabetes and asthma. Apples are also a natural mouth freshener and clean your teeth with each crunchy bite.
• Did you know? An apple's flavour and aroma comes from fragrance cells in apple skin, so for maximum flavour, don't peel your apple. Plus, the vitamins lie just beneath the skin.

Avocado
• Nutritional value ( ½ avocado): 114 calories, 4.5 g fibre, source of vitamin E and folate
• Disease-fighting factor: Avocados contain healthy monounsaturated fats that can help lower cholesterol levels when eaten instead of harmful saturated fats. For a heart-healthy boost, replace butter with avocado on your favourite sandwich. 
• Did you know? Babies love avocados. Their soft, creamy texture makes them easy to eat, and their high fat content helps with normal infant growth and development.

Banana
• Nutritional value (1 medium): 105 calories, 3 g fibre, source of vitamin B6, potassium and folate
• Disease-fighting factor: With 422 milligrams of potassium per banana, these sweet delights have more potassium than most fruit and may help lower blood pressure levels.
• Did you know? People with rubber latex allergies may also be allergic to bananas since the two come from similar trees and share a common protein.

Blackberry
• Nutritional value (1/2 cup/125 mL): 31 calories, 4 g fibre, rich in antioxidants
• Disease-fighting factor: Blackberries get their deep purple colour from the powerful antioxidant anthocyanin, which may help reduce the risk of stroke and cancer. Studies show that blackberry extract may help stop the growth of lung cancer cells.
• Did you know? The ancient Greeks called blackberries "gout-berries" and used them to treat gout-related symptoms.


Page 1 of 5Blueberry
• Nutritional value (1/2 cup/125 mL): 41 calories, 1.5 g fibre, rich in antioxidants
• Disease-fighting factor: Blueberries rank No. 1 in antioxidant activity when compared to 60 other fresh fruits and vegetables. Blueberries may help lower the risk of developing age-related diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
• Did you know? Blueberries freeze very well. Here's how: Rinse, then let berries dry in a single layer on towels. Freeze in a single layer on rimmed baking sheets. Seal in freezer-safe containers for up to one year. Use them straight from the freezer in your morning cereal, blend them into a smoothie or mix into pancake or muffin batter. (You can also buy frozen blueberries year-round.)

The serving size listed for each fruit in our glossary counts as one serving in Canada's Food Guide. The number of servings you need each day depends on your age and gender. For example, women between the ages of 19 and 50 need seven to eight servings of fruit and vegetables each day (three fruit and four vegetable servings would suffice). To determine the correct number of vegetable and fruit servings for you, visit the Health Canada website (www.hc-sc.gc.ca) at and search for "food guide."

Cantaloupe
• Nutritional value (1/2 cup/125 mL): 25 calories, less than 1 g fibre, source of vitamin A, folate and potassium
• Disease-fighting factor: Cantaloupe is high in the antioxidant beta-carotene, which may help reduce the risk of developing cataracts. Cantaloupe is a perfect diet food since it has about half the calories of most other fruits.
• Did you know? Since bacteria can grow on the outside rind, it is important to wash cantaloupe before cutting into it.

Cherry
• Nutritional value (1/2 cup/125 mL): 46 calories, 1.5 g fibre, rich in antioxidants
• Disease-fighting factor: Sour cherries contain more of the potent antioxidant anthocyanin than any other fruit. Anthocyanin may help reduce inflammation and ease the pain of arthritis and gout.
• Did you know? Sour cherries, commonly used in pie and jam, have more vitamin C than sweet cherries do, but much of it is lost when they are heated.

Cranberry
• Nutritional value (1/2 cup/125 mL): 25 calories, 2.5 g fibre, rich in antioxidants
• Disease-fighting factor: Cranberries are antibacterial and studies show that they can help treat and prevent urinary tract infections. Recent research has also linked cranberries to the prevention of kidney stones and ulcers.
• Did you know? Unsweetened cranberry juice makes an excellent mouthwash – studies show it can help kill bacteria and fight cavities.

Fig (dried)
• Nutritional value (2 dried figs): 42 calories, 1.5 g fibre, source of potassium, calcium and iron
• Disease-fighting factor: High in fibre, figs may help reduce the risk of heart disease.
• Did you know? Puréed figs make an excellent substitute for fat (like butter or oil) in baked goods. Simply purée 1 cup (250 mL) of dried figs with 1/4 cup (50 mL) of water, then replace half of the fat called for in the recipe with an equal amount of the fig mixture.

Goji berry
• Nutritional value (1/2 cup/125 mL): 90 calories, 2.5 g fibre, source of vitamin A,
rich in antioxidants
• Disease-fighting factor: Goji berries are a nutrient powerhouse, containing six vitamins, 21 minerals and a slew of antioxidants. They have been linked to the prevention of diabetes and cancer, but more research is needed to understand their effects.
• Did you know? Dried goji berries, which look like dried cranberries, can be found in most health food and bulk stores.
Note: Health Canada has warned people using the prescription drug Warfarin to avoid goji berries, because they can alter the drug’s effectiveness.

Frozen fruit
If your favourite fresh fruit is only available for six weeks of the year, head to the frozen food aisle. Grocery store freezers house a variety of affordable frozen fruit, ranging from cubed mango to woodland blueberries to tropical fruit salad.

Not only is frozen fruit convenient, but it's also equally nutritious – if not more so – than its fresh counterpart. Fresh fruit starts to lose nutrients as soon as it's picked. The time between harvest and consumption can be long enough for significant nutrient losses to occur. Frozen fruit, however, is picked and frozen immediately, retaining much of the nutrient value. Plus, since frozen fruit is already washed, peeled and cut, it's a breeze to use. It can be thawed at room temperature or defrosted in the microwave. Once defrosted, eat it as you would fresh fruit, or use it atop cereal, mixed in yogurt or blended into smoothies.

Grape
• Nutritional value (1/2 cup/ 125 mL): 53 calories, less than 1 g fibre, source of manganese
• Disease-fighting factor: Grapes contain resveratrol, an antioxidant that may help prevent heart disease by reducing blood pressure levels and lowering the risk of blood clots. Resveratrol may also help stop the spread of breast, stomach and colon cancer cells.
• Did you know? You can freeze red and green grapes and use them as colourful ice cubes in your favourite drinks. They add a special touch to sparkling water or Champagne.

Grapefruit (pink)
• Nutritional value (1/2 grapefruit): 52 calories, 2 g fibre, source of vitamin A
• Disease-fighting factor: Pink grapefruit contains lycopene and flavonoids, which may help protect against some types of cancer. Grapefruit also boasts an ample supply of pectin, a soluble fibre that may help lower cholesterol levels.
• Did you know? Grapefruit can heighten the effect of certain drugs, including cholesterol-lowering statins. Check with your pharmacist to see if grapefruit may interfere with any of your medications.

Kiwifruit
• Nutritional value (1 large): 56 calories, 3 g fibre, source of vitamins C and E, and of magnesium and potassium
• Disease-fighting factor: With more vitamin C than oranges, kiwis can help in the development and maintenance of bones, cartilage, teeth and gums. They can also help lower blood triglyceride levels (high triglycerides increase the risk of heart disease).
• Did you know? Most people remove the fuzzy skin, but kiwis can actually be eaten whole – skin and all.

Mango
• Nutritional value (1/2 medium): 54 calories, 1.5 g fibre, source of vitamins A and E
• Disease-fighting factor: Mangoes are high in the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin, which may help protect vision and reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (the leading cause of blindness in adults).
• Did you know? Mangoes can be enjoyed ripe as a sweet, juicy dessert choice or unripe as a sour, crunchy addition to chutney and salads.

Orange
• Nutritional value (1 medium): 62 calories, 3 g fibre, source of vitamin C, folate and potassium
• Disease-fighting factor: Oranges are a good source of folate, an important vitamin for pregnant women that can help prevent neural tube defects in their infants. They also contain a phytochemical called hesperidin, which may lower triglyceride and blood cholesterol levels.
• Did you know? The edible white part of the orange rind has nearly the same amount of vitamin C as the flesh, so eat that part too!

Papaya
• Nutritional value (1/2 medium): 59 calories, 3 g fibre, source of folate, vitamins A and C
• Disease-fighting factor: Papayas contain papain, an enzyme that aids digestion. Plus, their high vitamin A content aids in maintaining the health of the skin.
• Did you know? The black seeds inside the papaya are edible and have a sharp, spicy flavour. Try blending them into salad dressing as a substitute for black pepper.

Peach
• Nutritional value (1 medium): 58 calories, 2 g fibre, source of vitamin A
• Disease-fighting factor: High in vitamin A, peaches help regulate the immune system and can help fight off infections.
• Did you know? Peaches do not get any sweeter once they have been picked, so avoid buying underripe peaches.

Pear
• Nutritional value (1 medium): 96 calories, 5 g fibre
• Disease-fighting factor: Much of the fibre found in pears is soluble, which can help prevent constipation. Soluble fibre may also help reduce blood cholesterol levels and prevent heart disease.
• Did you know? Unlike most other fruits, pears don't ripen well on the tree. Instead, pears are harvested when mature and are allowed to finish ripening under controlled conditions.

Pineapple
• Nutritional value (1/2 cup/125 mL): 40 calories, 1 g fibre
• Disease-fighting factor: Pineapple contains a natural enzyme called bromelain, which breaks down protein and helps aid digestion. Bromelain may also help prevent blood clots, inhibit growth of cancer cells and speed wound healing.
• Did you know? Since bromelain breaks down protein, pineapple juice makes an excellent marinade and tenderizer for meat.

Pomegranate
• Nutritional value (1/2 fruit): 53 calories, less than 1 g fibre, source of vitamin A and potassium
• Disease-fighting factor: Pomegranates contain antioxidant tannins, which may protect the heart. Studies show that daily consumption of pomegranate juice may promote normal blood pressure levels and reduce the risk of heart attacks.
• Did you know? Pomegranates contain glistening, jewel-like seeds called arils that can be pressed into juice. One medium pomegranate yields about 1/2 cup (125 mL) of juice.

Page 4 of 5Prune
• Nutritional value (3 prunes): 60 calories, 2 g fibre, source of vitamin A
• Disease-fighting factor: Prunes are a source of the mineral boron, which may help prevent osteoporosis. Prunes also impart a mild laxative effect due to their high content of a natural sugar called sorbitol.
• Did you know? Marketers in the United States are trying to legally rename prunes "dried plums" to appeal to a younger market.

Raspberry
• Nutritional value (1/2 cup/125 mL): 32 calories, 4 g fibre, source of folate and magnesium
• Disease-fighting factor: Raspberries are rich in ellagic acid, an antioxidant that may help prevent cervical cancer. Promising studies in animals have led researchers to believe that raspberries may also help treat esophageal and colon cancer.
• Did you know? Raspberries are so perishable that only three per cent of Canada's raspberry crop is sold fresh. The remaining berries are used to make jam, baked goods and other delicacies.

Strawberry
• Nutritional value (1/2 cup/125 mL): 23 calories, 1.5 g fibre, source of vitamin C
• Disease-fighting factor: Strawberries are rich in several antioxidants that have
anti-inflammatory properties, including helping to prevent atherosclerosis (hardened arteries) and to suppress the progression of cancerous tumours.
• Did you know? The flavour and colour of strawberries is enhanced by balsamic vinegar. For a fabulous dessert, drizzle balsamic vinegar over ripe strawberries and serve with vanilla ice cream.

Tomato
• Nutritional value (1 medium): 22 calories, 1.5 g fibre, source of vitamin A, folate and potassium
• Disease-fighting factor: Tomatoes are nature's best source of lycopene, a potent antioxidant that may help reduce cholesterol levels and protect against advanced-stage prostate cancer.
• Did you know? Tomatoes cooked with a touch of oil provide more lycopene than raw tomatoes, so a rich tomato sauce made with olive oil is a healthy choice.

Watermelon
• Nutritional value (1/2 cup/125 mL): 23 calories, less than 1 g fibre, source of vitamin A
• Disease-fighting factor: Watermelon is 92 per cent water, making it aptly named. It's a great addition to any weight-loss diet because it is low in calories and satisfies the sweet tooth.
• Did you know? Watermelon rinds and seeds are both edible. Roasted, seasoned seeds make a great snack food, and the juicy rind can be stir-fried, stewed, or pickled.

Glossary
Phytochemicals: Most of the more than 1,000 known phytochemicals have antioxidant properties that help protect our cells against disease-causing damage. Phytochemicals are often identified by their colour (for example, the purple-hued anthocyanins in blackberries and the red lycopene in tomatoes). Each colourful phytochemical provides a different health benefit to the body, so for the best protection against a variety of diseases, choose an array of colourful fruits each day. 

Free radicals: Harmful molecules that occur naturally in the body or that come from pesticides, pollution, smoking and radiation. They damage the body's cells, which can lead to cancer and heart disease.

Antioxidants: Powerful substances that can protect the body against the harmful effects of free radicals. Some of the vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals found in fruit can act as antioxidants.
BY SONIKA SANDESH REVANKAR
SU160179

     YOGA:A GOOD WAY TO STAY FIT

In this modern world our environment is fighting for survival and we humans suffer from more and more physical and psychological stress, we cannot always control them but can learn how to face them and to this end Yoga is as good an invention it has ever been. The aim of yoga is attainment of physical, mental and spiritual health. 

Yoga has gained tremendous popularity in the last few years, it is the most rapidly growing health movement despite it was developed thousands of year’s ago.Age, religion, caste; sex is no bar with breathing and meditation techniques.The most important benefit of yoga is the physical and mental therapy, the very essence of yoga lies in attaining mental peace, improved concentration power and a relaxed state of living.

Yoga is a methodical effort to attain perfection through the control of the different elements of human nature, physical and psychical. yoga has two firms bases. They are the physical and the spiritual. On the physical side, there are asanas, kriyas, bandhs and pranayams, besides the mudras. A proper practice of these exercise prepares the body and the mind of yoga practitioner to make spiritual progress.

The spiritual aspect is basically the control of the mind and self-development, but also with direct control of the inner energy, i.e., pranayam. Pranayam is one of the most important features of yoga. This is mainly the regulation of ‘breath’ when one inhales air from one part of the nose and exhales it from the other.

There are many health benefits from yoga, itcan relieve many common and life threatening illness such as arthritis, chronic fatigue,diabities,asthma high blood pressure ,back pain ,weight reduction, obesity ,common cold , constipation ,skin problems  and respiration problems. Yoga also helps in rehabilitation of new and old injuries.

Regular yoga practice creates mental clarity and calmness, increase body awareness, relives stress patterns, relaxes the minds and sharpens concentration. Yoga provides tools through which one can cope which the pain and helps counter with the feeling of helplessness and depression. Yogic breathing and stretching exercises have been seen to result in better mental and physical energy and improved mood. The mental performance also increases with yoga and doctors suggest that yoga can enhance cognitive performance.

When you achieve that yogic sprit you can begin knowing yourself at peace. If one succeeds in achieving skills which provide health and self confidence, one can justly raise his self esteem simply by observing himself living the improved result as an achieved fact. Yogic therapy leads to increase self knowledge, this is not just the practical knowledge this includes knowledge pertaining to grasping something.  

Today yoga is thoroughly globalised phenomenon, yoga has taken the world by storm and is gaining popularity day by day!  


                     Name:Roxiette siqueira
                     Roll no:SU160118

Mobile phone features

The features of mobile phones are the set of capabilities, services and applications that they offer to their users. mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, and offer basic telephony.Handsets with more advanced computing ability through the use of native soo try to differentiate their own products by implementing additional functions to make them more attractive to consumers. This has led to great innovation in mobile phone development over the past 20 years.

The common components found on all phones are:

• A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions.
• An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone. The most common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch screensare also found in some high-end smartphones.
• Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text messages.
• All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped among devices. Some CDMA devices also have a similar card called a R-UIM.
• Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely identified by an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number.

All mobile phones are designed to work on cellular networks and contain a standard set of services that allow phones of different types and in different countries to communicate with each other. However, they can also support other features added by various manufacturers over the years:

• roaming which permits the same phone to be used in multiple countries, providing that the operators of both countries have a roaming agreement.
• send and receive data and faxes (if a computer is attached), access WAP services, and provide full Internet access using technologies such as GPRS.
• applications like a clock, alarm, calendar and calculator and a few games.
• Sending and receiving pictures and videos (by without internet) through MMS, and for short distances with e.g. Bluetooth.
• In Multimedia phones Bluetooth is commonly but important Feature.
• GPS receivers integrated or connected (i.e. using Bluetooth) to cell phones, primarily to aid in dispatching emergency responders and road tow truck services. This feature is generally referred to as E911.
• Push to talk, available on some mobile phones, is a feature that allows the user to be heard only while the talk button is held, similar to a walkie-talkie.

Software, applications and service

Software-side view of a typical smartphone

In early stages, every mobile phone company had its own user interface, which can be considered as "closed" operating system, since there was a minimal configurability. A limited variety of basic applications (usually games, accessories like calculator or conversion tool and so on) was usually included with the phone and those were not available otherwise. Early mobile phones included basic web browser, for reading basic WAP pages. Handhelds (Personal digital assistants like Palm, running Palm OS) were more sophisticated and also included more advanced browser and a touch screen (for use with stylus), but these were not broadly used, comparing to standard phones. Other capabilities like Pulling and Pushing Emails or working with calendar were also made more accessible but it usually required physical (and not wireless) Syncing. BlackBerry 850, an email pager, released January 19, 1999, was the first device to integrate Email.

A major step towards a more "open" mobile OS was the symbian S60 OS, that could be expanded by downloading software (written in C++, java or phyton), and its appearance was more configurable. In July 2008, Apple introduced its App store, which made downloading mobile applications more accessible. In October 2008, the HTC Dream was the first commercially released device to use the Linux-based Android OS, which was purchased and further developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance to create an open competitor to other major smartphone platforms of the time (Mainly Symbian operating system, BlackBerry OS, and iOS)-The operating system offered a customizable graphical user interface and a notification system showing a list of recent messages pushed from apps.

The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.

The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000. Mobile news services are expanding with many organizations providing "on-demand" news services by SMS. Some also provide "instant" news pushed out by SMS.

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in Espoo were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999 the Philippines launched the first commercial mobile payments systems, on the mobile operators Globe and Smart. Today, mobile payments ranging from mobile bankingto mobile credit cards to mobile commerce are very widely used in Asia and Africa, and in selected European markets. Usually, the SMS services utilize short code.

SIM card

Typical mobile phone SIM card

GSM mobile phones require a small microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card, to function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) used to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers). The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device.

A SIM card contains its unique serial number, internationally unique number of the mobile user (IMSI), security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network, a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords (PIN for usual use and PUK for unlocking).

SIM cards are available in three standard sizes. The first is the size of a credit card (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm x 0.76 mm, defined byISO/IEC 7810 as ID-1). The newer, most popular miniature version has the same thickness but a length of 25 mm and a width of 15 mm (ISO/IEC 7810 ID-000), and has one of its corners truncated (chamfered) to prevent misinsertion. The newest incarnation known as the 3FF or micro-SIM has dimensions of 15 mm × 12 mm. Most cards of the two smaller sizes are supplied as a full-sized card with the smaller card held in place by a few plastic links; it can easily be broken off to be used in a device that uses the smaller SIM.

The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the Finnish wireless network operatorRadiolinja. Giesecke & Devrient sold the first 300 SIM cards to Elisa (ex. Radiolinja).

Those cell phones that do not use a SIM card have the data programmed into their memory. This data is accessed by using a special digit sequence to access the "NAM" as in "Name" or number programming menu. From there, information can be added, including a new number for the phone, new Service Provider numbers, new emergency numbers, new Authentication Key or A-Key code, and a Preferred Roaming List or PRL. However, to prevent the phone being accidentally disabled or removed from the network, the Service Provider typically locks this data with a Master Subsidiary Lock (MSL). The MSL also locks the device to a particular carrier when it is sold as a loss leader.

The MSL applies only to the SIM, so once the contract has expired, the MSL still applies to the SIM. The phone, however, is also initially locked by the manufacturer into the Service Provider's MSL. This lock may be disabled so that the phone can use other Service Providers' SIM cards. Most phones purchased outside the U.S. are unlocked phones because there are numerous Service Providers that are close to one another or have overlapping coverage. The cost to unlock a phone varies but is usually very cheap and is sometimes provided by independent phone vendors.

A similar module called a Removable User Identity Module or RUIM card is present in some CDMA networks, notably in China and Indonesia.

Some network operators have utilized USSD for information, entertainment or finance services (e.g. M-Pesa).

Other non-SMS data services used on mobile phones include mobile music, downloadable logos and pictures, gaming, gambling, adult entertainment and advertising. The first downloadable mobile content was sold to a mobile phone in Finland in 1998, when Radiolinja (now Elisa) introduced the downloadable ringtone service. In 1999, Japanese mobile operator NTT DoCoMo introduced its mobile Internet service, i-Mode, which today is the world's largest mobile Internet service.

Even after the appearance of smartphones, network operators have continued to offer information services, although in some places, those services have become less common.

Display

Mobile phones have a display device, some of which are also touch screens. The screen size varies greatly by model and is usually specified either as width and height in pixels or the diagonal measured in inches.

Some mobiles have more than one display, for example the Kyocera Echo, an Android smartphone with a dual 3.5 inch screen. The screens can also be combined into a single 4.7 inch tablet style computer.^[9]

Central processing

Mobile phones have central processing units (CPUs), similar to those in computers, but optimised to operate in low power environments.

Mobile CPU performance depends not only on the clock rate (generally given in multiples of hertz)^[10] but also the memory hierarchy also greatly affects overall performance. Because of these problems, the performance of mobile phone CPUs is often more appropriately given by scores derived from various standardized tests to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications.

Miscellaneous features

Other features that may be found on mobile phones include GPS navigation, music (MP3) and video (MP4) playback, RDS radio receiver, built-in projector, vibration and other "silent" ring options, alarms, memo recording, personal digital assistant functions, ability to watch streaming video, video download, video calling, built-in cameras (1.0+ Mpx) andcamcorders (video recording), with autofocus and flash, ringtones, games, PTT, memory card reader (SD), USB (2.0), dual line support, infrared, Bluetooth (2.0) and WiFi connectivity, NFC, instant messaging, Internet e-mail and browsing and serving as a wireless modem.

The first smartphone was the Nokia 9000 Communicator in 1996 which added PDA functionality to the basic mobile phone at the time. As miniaturization and increased processing power of microchips has enabled ever more features to be added to phones, the concept of the smartphone has evolved, and what was a high-end smartphone five years ago, is a standard phone today.

Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the RIM BlackBerry focusing on enterprise/corporate customer email needs; the SonyEricsson Walkman series of musicphones and Cybershot series of cameraphones; the Nokia Nseries of multimedia phones, the Palm Pre the HTC Dream and the AppleiPhone.

Nokia and the University of Cambridge demonstrated a bendable cell phone called the Morph.^[Some phones have an electromechanical transducer on the back which changes the electrical voice signal into mechanical vibrations. The vibrations flow through the cheek bones or forehead allowing the user to hear the conversation. This is useful in the noisy situations or if the user is hard of hearing.

Multi-mode and multi-band mobile phones

Most mobile phone networks are digital and use the GSM, CDMA or iDEN standard which operate at various radio frequencies. These phones can only be used with a service plan from the same company. For example, a Verizon phone cannot be used with a T-Mobile service, and vica versa.

A multi-mode phone operates across different standards whereas a multi-band phone (also known more specifically as dual, tri or quad band) mobile phone is a phone which is designed to work on more than one radio frequency. Some multi-mode phones can operate on analog networks as well (for example, dual band, tri-mode: AMPS 800 / CDMA800 / CDMA 1900).

For a GSM phone, dual-band usually means 850 / 1900 MHz in the United States and Canada, 900 / 1800 MHz in Europe and most other countries. Tri-band means 850 / 1800 / 1900 MHz or 900 / 1800 / 1900 MHz. Quad-band means 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 MHz, also called a world phone, since it can work on any GSM network.

Multi-band phones have been valuable to enable roaming whereas multi-mode phones helped to introduce WCDMA features without customers having to give up the wide coverage of GSM. Almost every single true 3G phone sold is actually a WCDMA/GSM dual-mode mobile. This is also true of 2.75G phones such as those based on CDMA-2000 or EDGE.

Challenges in producing multi-mode phones

The special challenge involved in producing a multi-mode mobile is in finding ways to share the components between the different standards. Obviously, the phone keypad and display should be shared, otherwise it would be hard to treat as one phone. Beyond that, though, there are challenges at each level of integration. How difficult these challenges are depends on the differences between systems. When talking about IS-95/GSM multi-mode phones, for example, or AMPS/IS-95 phones, the base band processing is very different from system to system. This leads to real difficulties in component integration and so to larger phones.

An interesting special case of multi-mode phones is the WCDMA/GSM phone. The radio interfaces are very different from each other, but mobile to core network messaging has strong similarities, meaning that software sharing is quite easy. Probably more importantly, the WCDMA air interface has been designed with GSM compatibility in mind. It has a special mode of operation, known as punctured mode, in which, instead of transmitting continuously, the mobile is able to stop sending for a short period and try searching for GSM carriers in the area. This mode allows for safe inter-frequency handovers with channel measurements which can only be approximated using "pilot signals" in other CDMAbased systems.

A final interesting case is that of mobiles covering the DS-WCDMA and MC-CDMA 3G variants of the CDMA-2000 protocol. Initially, the chip rate of these phones was incompatible. As part of the negotiations related to patents, it was agreed to use compatible chip rates. This should mean that, despite the fact that the air and system interfaces are quite different, even on a philosophical level, much of the hardware for each system inside a phone should be common with differences being mostly confined to software.

Data communications

Mobile phones are now heavily used for data communications. such as SMS messages, browsing mobile web sites, and even streaming audio and video files. The main limiting factors are the size of the screen, lack of a keyboard, processing power and connection speed. Most cellphones, which supports data communications, can be used as wireless modems (via cable or bluetooth), to connect computer to internet. Such access method is slow and expensive, but it can be available in very remote areas.

With newer smartphones, screen resolution and processing power has become bigger and better. Some new phone CPUs run at over 1 GHz. Many complex programs are now available for the various smartphones, such as Symbian and Windows Mobile.

Connection speed is based on network support. Originally data transfers over GSM networks were possible only over CSD (circuit switched data), it has bandwidth of 9600 bit/s and usually is billed by connection time (from network point of view, it does not differ much from voice call). Later, there were introduced improved version of CSD - HSCSD (high speed CSD), it could use multiple time slots for downlink, improving speed. Maximum speed for HSCSD is ~42 kbit/s, it also is billed by time. Later was introduced GPRS (general packet radio service), which operates on completely different principle. It also can use multiple time slots for transfer, but it does not tie up radio resources, when not transferring data (as opposed to CSD and like). GPRS usually is prioritized under voice and CSD, so latencies are large and variable. Later, GPRS was upgraded to EDGE, which differs mainly by radio modulation, squeezing more data capacity in same radio bandwidth. GPRS and EDGE usually are billed by data traffic volume. Some phones also feature fullQwerty keyboards, such as the LG enV.

As of April 2006, several models, such as the Nokia 6680, support 3G communications. Such phones have access to the Web via a free download of the Opera web browser.Verizon Wireless models come with Internet Explorer pre-loaded onto the phone.

Vulnerability to viruseS

As more complex features are added to phones, they become more vulnerable to viruses which exploit weaknesses in these features. Even text messages can be used in attacks by worms and viruses^{[citation needed]}. Advanced phones capable of e-mail can be susceptible to viruses that can multiply by sending messages through a phone's address book^[ In some phone models, the USSD was exploited for inducing a factory reset,^[resulting in clearing the data and resetting the user settings.

A virus may allow unauthorized users to access a phone to find passwords or corporate data stored on the device. Moreover, they can be used to commandeer the phone to make calls or send messages at the owner's expense^{[citation needed]}.

Mobile phones used to have proprietary operating system unique only to the manufacturer which had the beneficial effect of making it harder to design a mass attack. However, the rise of software platforms and operating systems shared by many manufacturers such as Java, Microsoft operating systems, Linux, or Symbian OS, may increase the spread of viruses in the future.

Bluetooth is a feature now found in many higher-end phones, and the virus Caribe hijacked this function, making Bluetooth phones infect other Bluetooth phones running the Symbian OS. In early November 2004, several web sites began offering a specific piece of software promising ringtones and screensavers for certain phones. Those who downloaded the software found that it turned each icon on the phone's screen into a skull-and-crossbones and disabled their phones, so they could no longer send or receive text messages or access contact lists or calendars. The virus has since been dubbed "Skulls" by security experts. The Commwarrior-A virus was identified in March 2005, and it attempts to replicate itself through MMS to others on the phone's contact list. Like Cabir, Commwarrior-A also tries to communicate via Bluetooth wireless connections with other devices, which can eventually lead to draining the battery. The virus requires user intervention for propagation however.

Bluetooth phones are also subject to bluejacking, which although not a virus, does allow for the transmission of unwanted messages from anonymous Bluetooth users.

Cameras

Main articles: Videophone and Camera phone

Most current phones also have a built-in digital camera (see camera phone), that can have resolutions as high as 38M pixels.This gives rise to some concern about privacy, in view of possible voyeurism, for example in swimming pools. South Korea has ordered manufacturers to ensure that all new handsets emit a beep whenever a picture is taken.

Sound recording and video recording is often also possible. Most people do not walk around with a video camera, but do carry a phone. The arrival of video camera phones is transforming the availability of video to consumers, and helps fuel citizen journalism.

BY Sonika Sandesh Revankar

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